Journal: The Journal of Headache and Pain
Article Title: Spreading depolarization activates the cGAS–STING pathway and drives cranial nociception: therapeutic potential of STING modulation
doi: 10.1186/s10194-026-02267-5
Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of cGAS-STING pathway proteins in the ipsilateral parietal cortex increases following SD. (A) Schematic representation of the experimental design. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images showing STING, p-IRF3, and IFN-β expression in the ipsilateral parietal cortex of mice which underwent sham surgery, a single or six SDs. Scale bars: 50 μm. (C) Representative lane view images of capillary-based nanoimmunoassay (WES) analysis of STING, p-STING, IRF3, p-IRF3, and IFN-β protein levels in the ipsilateral parietal cortex following SD ( n = 4/group). D-H. WES analysis of STING, p-STING, IRF3, p-IRF3, and IFN-β protein levels in the ipsilateral parietal cortex following SD ( n = 4/group). Protein levels measured by WES were normalized to vinculin, a commonly used housekeeping protein, and the data are presented as fold changes relative to the sham group. Values are mean ± SEM. Statistical comparisons were made using Student’s t test with Welch’s correction. Not significant ( ns): p > 0.05, *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001. Panel A was created using BioRender.com
Article Snippet: The sections were washed with TRIS buffered saline (TBS) and blocked with 10% normal goat serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 005-000-121) at room temperature for 1 h. Next, sections were incubated overnight at +4 °C with primary antibodies: rabbit anti-STING antibody (1:200, monoclonal D2P2F, 13647 S, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-cGAS antibody (1:200, polyclonal, MBS9143559, MyBioSource), rabbit anti-p-IRF3 antibody (1:300, monoclonal, 29047 S, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-IFN-β antibody (1:300, polyclonal, NBP1-77288, Novus), rabbit anti-NLRP3 antibody (1:300, polyclonal, PA5115660, Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-p65 antibody (1:200, monoclonal, 8242 S, Cell Signaling Technology), mouse anti-NeuN antibody (1:300, monoclonal MAB377 clone A60, Merck Millipore), goat anti-Iba1 antibody (1:250, polyclonal, NB100-1028, Novus), mouse anti-S100β antibody (1:200, polyclonal, Atlas Antibodies), rabbit anti-golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 2 (GOLGA2) antibody (1:500, polyclonal, 11308-1-AP, Proteintech).
Techniques: Expressing, Immunofluorescence